Department of Biochemistry
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Item Mathematical Modelling of the Growth of Caulobacter crescentus on Caffeine(Hibiscus Publisher, 2018-02-02) Salihu Ibrahim; Abdulrasheed Mansur; Siti Aqlima AhmadCaffeine is a purine alkaloid naturally found in many species of plant and can be degraded by bacteria. Prolong caffeine consumption is well-known to have serious adverse effects. The used of linearization technique using natural logarithm transformation, though standard, is erroneous and can just give an estimated value for the sole parameter measured; the specific growth rate. In this paper, for the first time we present different kinetics models such as Von Bertalanffy, Baranyi-Roberts, modified Schnute, modified Richards, modified Gompertz, modified Logistics and most recent Huang were used to get values for the above constants or parameters from Caulobacter crescentus bacterium growth on caffeine. Huang model was found to be the best model with the highest adjusted R2 value with the lowest RMSE value. The Accuracy and Bias Factors values were close to unity (1.0). The Huang parameters such as Ymax (bacterial growth upper asymptote), λ (lag time), µmax (maximum specific bacterial growth rate) and A or Y0 (bacterial growth lower asymptote) were found to be 1.367 (95% confidence interval of 1.322 - 1.412), 2.683 (95% confidence interval of 2.030 - 3.337), 0.322 (95% confidence interval of 0.252 - 0.392) and 0.324 (95% confidence interval of 0.278 - 0.370).Item Outlier and Normality Testing of the Residuals for the Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) Model Used for Modelling the Total Number of COVID-19 Cases for Brazil(Hibiscus Publisher, 2021-02-02) Garba Uba; Nuhu Danladi Zandam; Abdurrashed Mansur; Mohd Yunus Abd ShukorTraditionally, testing for outliers is performed by first creating a null hypothesis, H0, indicating that the suspected results do not differ significantly from those of other members of the data set, and then rejecting it if the likelihood of getting the experimental results is extremely low (e.g., p=0.05). Similarly, if H0 can be rejected, the questionable findings may be discarded as outliers as well. If H0 is retained in the data set, it is important to keep the dubious findings in the data set. In general, in nonlinear regression, the residuals of the curve must be normally distributed before any test for the existence of outliers is performed. This is often accomplished through the use of normalcy tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilks-Shapiro, D'Agostino-Pearson, and Grubb's tests, the latter of which checks for the presence of an outlier and is the subject of this study. Normality tests for residues used in general nonlinear regression revealed that the usage of the Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) Model used for Modelling the Total Number of COVID19 Cases for Brazil was adequate due to lack of an outlier. The critical value of Z from statistical table for Grubbs’ test for a single outlier using mean and SD was 0.114 (n=50). The Grubbs (Alpha = 0.05) g value was 3.597. Individual Z value indicates that the residual with a value of 3 (row 3) was far from the rest and is deemed a significant outlier (p < 0.05). This outlier was removed, and subsequent Grubb’s test show the absence of other outliers. As the Grubbs’ test require for the normality of the residuals, several normality tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, WilksShapiro, Anderson-Darling and the D'Agostino-Pearson omnibus K2 test) were carried out and the results were found to conform to normality. In addition, a visual inspection of the model’s normal probability or Q-Q plot shows a nearly straight and appeared to exhibit no underlying pattern. The resulting histogram overlaid with the ensuing normal distribution curve also reveals that the residuals were truly random and that the model used was adequately fitted.Item Response Surface Methodology Optimization and Kinetics of Diesel Degradation by a Cold-Adapted Antarctic Bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. Strain AQ5-05(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2020-02-02) Abdulrasheed Mansur; Azham Zulkharnain; Nur Nadhirah Zakaria; Ahmad Fareez Ahmad Roslee; Khalilah Abdul Khalil; Suhaimi Napis; Peter Convey; Claudio Gomez-Fuentes; Siti Aqlima AhmadPetroleum hydrocarbons, notably diesel oil, are the main energy source for running amenities in the Antarctic region and are the major cause of pollution in this area. Diesel oil spills are one of the major challenges facing management of the Antarctic environment. Bioremediation using bacteria can be an effective and eco-friendly approach for their remediation. However, since the introduction of non-native organisms, including microorganisms, into the Antarctic or between the distinct biogeographical regions within the continent is not permitted under the Antarctic Treaty, it is crucial to discover native oil-degrading, psychrotolerant microorganisms that can be used in diesel bioremediation. The primary aim of the current study is to optimize the conditions for growth and diesel degradation activity of an Antarctic local bacterium, Arthrobacter sp. strain AQ5-05, using the Plackett-Burman approach and response surface method (RSM) via a central composite design (CCD) approach. Based on this approach, temperature, pH, and salinity were calculated to be optimum at 16.30 ◦C, pH 7.67 and 1.12% (w/v), respectively. A second order polynomial regression model very accurately represented the experimental figures’ interpretation. These optimized environmental conditions increased diesel degradation from 34.5% (at 10 ◦C, pH 7.00 and 1.00% (w/v) salinity) to 56.4%. Further investigation of the kinetics of diesel reduction by strain AQ5-05 revealed that the Teissier model had the lowest RMSE and AICC values. The calculated values for the Teissier constants of maximal growth rate, half-saturation rate constant for the maximal growth, and half inhibition constants (µmax, Ks, and Ki), were 0.999 h−1, 1.971% (v/v) and 1.764% (v/v), respectively. The data obtained therefore confirmed the potential application of this cold-tolerant strain in the bioremediation of diesel-contaminated Antarctic soils at low temperature.Item Nanofiltration as an advanced wastewater treatment technique: a comprehensive review(Springer, 2025-02-02) Djadjiti Namla; Mohammad Oves; Majed Ahmed Alshaeri; Saleh M. Al‑Maaqar; Hamdy Nasr Youssef Issa; George MangseNanofiltration (NF) is a membrane-based filtration method that has gained prominence in modern technology because of its superior separation efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation. With pore sizes ranging from 1 to 10 nm, and a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) ranging from 100 to 2000 Da, NF membranes bridge the gap between reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) processes—and effectively removing a wide range of contaminants including suspended particles, oil emulsions, bacteria, cells, colloidal haze, viruses, macromolecules, proteins, sub-molecular organic groups, monovalent and divalent ions, and heavy metals. To enhance membrane selectivity and permeability, NF membranes have been fabricated from a variety of materials including polymer thin films, metals, polymers with inorganic nanofillers, carbon compounds, metal composites, and nano-semiconductors. Each of these materials contributes unique properties to NF membranes, such as high aspect ratios, biocompatibility, chemical resistance, and thermal stability, making them valuable in various separation processes. Despite the advancements in NF membrane materials, challenges such as membrane fouling and low permeate flux persist. This review provides an in-depth examination of NF as an innovative solution for wastewater treatment, focusing on its principles, applications, and recent advancements in NF technology. This highlights the challenges of current wastewater treatment methods and explores how NF offers a viable alternative for improving treatment efficiency and sustainability. This review also discusses the potential of integrating various membrane materials to optimize NF performance and outlines future trends and challenges in the widespread adoption of NF in wastewater management systemsItem Effect of Soil pH on Composition and Abundance of Nitrite-oxidising Bacteria(Hibiscus Publisher, 2018-02-02) Abdulrasheed Mansur; Hussein I. Ibrahim; Fatima Umar Maigari; Ahmed F. Umar; Salihu IbrahimNitrification, the microbial oxidation of ammonia to nitrate (NO3-) via nitrite (NO2-) is a vital process in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle and is performed by two distinct functional groups; ammonia oxidisers [comprised of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) and ammonia oxidising archaea (AOA)] and nitrite oxidising bacteria. Autotrophic nitrification is said to occur in acidic soils, even though most laboratory cultures of isolated ammonia and nitrite oxidising bacteria fail to grow below neutral pH. Published studies revealed that soil pH is a major driver for determining the distribution and abundance of AOB and AOA. To determine whether distinct populations of nitrite oxidising bacteria within the lineages of Nitrospira and Nitrobacter are adapted to a particular range of pH as observed in ammonia oxidising organisms, the community structure of Nitrospira-like and Nitrobacter-like NOB were determined across a pH gradient (4.5 – 7.5) by amplifying nitrite oxidoreductase (nxrA) and 16S rRNA genes followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The community structure of both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter changed with soil pH, with distinct populations observed in acidic and neutral soils. The abundance of Nitrospira-like 16S rRNA and Nitrobacter-like nxrA gene copies contrasted across the pH gradient. Nitrobacter-like nxrA gene abundance decreased with increasing soil pH, whereas Nitrospira-like 16S rRNA gene abundance increased with increasing pH. Nitrification activity of both Nitrospira-like and Nitrobacter-like NOB in acidic and neutral pH soil was investigated in a microcosm experiment incubated at 30 oC for 21 days, with high rates of nitrification observed in both soils. Findings indicated that abundance and distributions of soil NOB is influence by soil pH.Item Effect of Varying Drying Temperature on the Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf (Lam)(IOSR Journals (International Organization of Scientific Research Journals), 2015-02-02) Ibrahim I. Hussein; Miriam Mamman; Abdulrasheed MansurThe use of herbal and medicinal plant for traditional therapeutic measure and health care services began since pre-historical time and currently exploited especially in modern medicine. This study investigated the effects of different drying temperature on the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaf. Fresh leaves of M. oleifera were dried separately at varying temperature by sun drying, oven drying and air drying methods, grinded into powdered form and extracted with ethanol. The ethanolic extracts were used for antibacterial susceptibility test using agar disc diffusion method. All the three clinical bacterial isolates such as E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhiwere susceptible to the ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaf which signified its antibacterial potency. The air dried extract produced the highest zones of inhibition than the sun dried and oven dried ethanolic extract with 13 mm and 19 mm, 13 mm and 21 mm, 11 mm and 20 mm as the lowest and highest inhibition zones for E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhi respectively. This study inferred that drying temperature especially higher temperature has profound effects on the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera leaf as active component are depreciatedItem Antioxidant, Dermal and Acute Toxicological Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn-Blakely) Essential Oil on Male Wistar Rats(National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2022-02-02) Uju Dorathy Iliemene Ejike; Anunobi Oluchukwu OgechukwuDuring the era of the COVID-19 lockdown, many Nigerians resorted to home remedies like herbal mixtures for therapy because they could not have access to orthodox medicine. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) essential oil was one of such remedies as many believed it had the potential to treat colds, flu, sore throats, bronchitis and even prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The objective of the study is to check the antioxidant, dermal and acute toxicological effects of the E. camaldulensis essential oil. Rats were grouped into 8 of 5 each. Normal and corn oil (2ml/kg body weight) control groups. E. camaldulensis essential oil from Jos, Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi, Kwara, and Benue zones were given at 2ml/kg body weight for 14 days as well as applied on the shaved skin of the rats. No mortality was recorded in the sub-acute toxicity study at low and high doses (10mg/kg and 5000mg/kg). The levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6 did not significantly differ from normal control rats. Lungs Investigation recorded a significant increase in the TNF-α. Antioxidant enzyme assays showed a significant increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase. Histological examination showed focal inflammation with moderate cytoplasmic clearing in the liver and focal mild epidermal sclerosis of the skin. Dermal application of the oil shows no significant toxic effect except some mild inflammation (skin irritation). Oral administrations were relatively safe with mild adverse effect observed in the lung inflammatory markers.Item Computational and Preclinical Evidence of Anti-ischemic Properties of L-Carnitine-Rich Supplement via Stimulation of Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Events in Testicular Torsed Rats(Hindawi, 2021-02-02) Janet Olayemi Olugbodi; Keren Samaila; Bashir Lawal; Anunobi Oluchukwu Ogechukwu; Roua S. Baty; Omotayo Babatunde Ilesanmi; Gaber El-Saber BatihaIschemia-reperfusion injury is a urological emergency condition that could lead to necrosis, testicular damage subfertility, and infertility. The purpose of this study was to identify changes taking place in the rat testis at short-term (4hr) as well as long term (7 days) reperfusion following testicular torsion and to evaluate the effects of Proxeed Plus (PP), L-carnitine-rich antioxidant supplement, on preventing these changes using the biochemical parameters and histopathology. Thirty adult male rats were divided into five groups: in groups, 1-4 testicular ischemia was achieved by rotating the left testis 720° clockwise for 4h and dividing into the sham, torsion/detorsion (T/D), T/D+1000mg/kg BW PP, and T/D+5000mg/kg BW PP groups, respectively. PP was administered intraperitoneally 30min before detorsion while group 5 served as the normal control. All rats were sacrificed 4h after detorsion. The same experimental design was set up, and animals were sacrificed after 7 days of detorsion. The testicular levels of human cyclooxygenase-2; tumor necrosis factor; interleukins-1β, 6, and 10; hydrogen peroxide; malonaldehyde; superoxide dismutase; catalase; glutathione transferase; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione reductase; and histopathological damage were evaluated. Our results revealed that rats in the torsion/detorsion group exhibited elevated testicular levels of oxidative markers and proinflammatory cytokines, low levels of antioxidant enzymes, and severe histological alterations relative to the control and sham groups. Treatments with 1000 and 5000mg/kg BW of PP for 4hr and 7 days significantly (p <0:05) decreased the levels of the proinflammatory and oxidative markers while increasing the spermatogenesis, testicular levels of antioxidant enzymes, and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in a dose-dependent manner. This suggested that PP exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities against I/R testes thus serving as an effective supplement to protect against testicular assaultItem Curing HIV-1 Infection via in vitro Ultra-Sensitive Modification of HIV-1 Uninfected CD4+ Cells using Antiviral Agents(International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 2014-02-02) Odiba, Arome Solomon; Wannang, Noel; Joshua; Elijah Parker; Iroha; Okechukwu Kalu; Ukegbu; Chimere Young; Onosakponome; Kenneth Iruoghene; Chukwunonyelum; Anunobi Oluchukwu OgechukwuCuring HIV-1 Infection via in vitro ultra-sensitive modification of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) uninfected CD4+ cells is a promising hypothetical procedure that links different established clinical/laboratory tools (methods) and channeling them towards a clinical trial to achieve the ultimate goal of curing HIV-1 infection. The In vitro ultra-sensitive chemical modification of HIV-1 uninfected CD4+ cells using selected antiviral agents towards curing HIV-1 infection entails a six step clinical/laboratory procedure. Isolation/purification of HIV-free CD4+ cells is the first step of this therapeutic procedure. In vitro CD4+ cell expansion/culture, ultrasensitive chemical modification, inhibition/suppression of CD4+ cell proliferation, administration of chemically modulated cells to HIV-infected patient, monitoring/maintaining the physiological/biochemical processes under intensive care make up the other steps of this procedure consecutively. The milestones in this therapeutic method include increased bioavailability, minimum dosage, minimal or no side effects, shorter duration of treatment, mop-up of free plasma virions. The principal reason for this adopted method is that, the therapy overcomes the limitations posed by the current methods of managing HIV-1 infection using anti-retrovirals.Item Draft metagenome-assembled genomes of Pseudomonas putida isolated from human gut microbiome in Nasarawa State, Nigeria(The African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology (AJCEM), 2024-02-02) Anunobi Oluchukwu OgechukwuThe metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) sequences of Pseudomonas putida PP14A and PP20A were obtained by metagenomic sequencing from the gut microbiomes of a female and a male patient both 24 years old from the same household presenting to a health outreach laboratory with complaint of headache, and occasional diarrhoea in Mararaba, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The phylogenetic relationship observed between the two PP MAGs with other Pseudomonas spp MAGs from human, points to the global spread of Pseudomonas putida through human activity and migration.