Research Articles in Medicine & Surgery

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repository.nileuniversity.edu.ng/handle/123456789/100

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Start date: 2020Subject: search.filters.subject.Nigeria

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    Ebola Virus
    (NUMSA International Journal of Medicine and Health Education, 2025-02-02) Lawal, Sakinatu; Oranwusi, Emmanuel; Ibrahim, Abdul-Azeez O.
    Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the Ebola virus, with mortality rates ranging from 25% to 90%. First identified in 1976, EVD has emerged as a major public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is transmitted through contact with infected animals and humans, with outbreaks often exacerbated by limited healthcare infrastructure. Nigeria experienced a notable outbreak in 2014, which highlighted the challenges of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in resource limited settings. This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of EVD, emphasizing Nigeria’s experience and response. It underscores the importance of surveillance, public awareness, supportive care, vaccination, and international collaboration in mitigating the impact of future outbreaks.
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    A Review of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Nigeria
    (NUMSA International Journal of Medicine and Health Education, 2025-02-02) Oranwusi, Emmanuel; Ibrahim, Abdul-Azeez O.
    Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a critical global health challenge, with Nigeria bearing one of the heaviest burdens in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) and prevention strategies, approximately 1.9 million people in Nigeria are living with HIV as of 2020. The virus, transmitted primarily through unprotected sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission, and contaminated needles, progressively impairs the immune system, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if untreated. This review examines the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of HIV, with a particular focus on its impact in Nigeria. Persistent challenges such as stigma, limited access to ART, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and socioeconomic barriers continue to undermine effective control. Strengthening surveillance, expanding ART access, promoting public education, and achieving UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets are essential to mitigating the epidemic’s impact and advancing toward ending AIDS as a public health threat.
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    Cholera
    (NUMSA International Journal of Medicine and Health Education, 2025-02-02) Rakiya, Sule Alhassan; Eniola, Adejumo; Bassey, Imaobong; Agan, Grace Ripeh
    Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, transmitted primarily through contaminated water and food. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cholera, tracing its historical pandemics, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations. It highlights the global and local burden of cholera, with emphasis on recurrent outbreaks in Nigeria, where poor sanitation, flooding, and limited healthcare infrastructure exacerbate transmission and mortality. The discussion explores diagnostic methods, treatment strategies such as oral rehydration therapy, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics, alongside preventive measures including vaccination, improved water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. The paper further examines global efforts to combat cholera, notably the WHO’s “Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030,” and outlines challenges such as climate change, vaccine shortages, and weak healthcare systems. Despite advances in treatment and prevention, cholera remains a major public health threat, necessitating coordinated interventions, strengthened surveillance, and sustained global commitment to reduce mortality and achieve long-term control.
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    Seroprevalence of Transfusion Infections Among Prospective Blood Donors in a District Hospital in Abuja, Nigeria
    (Nile University of Nigeria, 2025-01-02) Nwankwo Chizoba Gloria; Sanni Emmanuel Oladipo; Okudo Adaora Chinwendu; Eseigbe, P.; Ezike Kevin Nwabueze
    Background: Blood transfusion plays a crucial role in medical practices. However, blood transfusion safety remains a public health concern in developing countries due to the high prevalence of Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs) among blood donors. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving data obtained from prospective blood donors’ records at the blood bank of Asokoro District Hospital (ADH), Abuja, Nigeria, from 01 January 2021 to 31 December 2021. The records comprised results of screening for TTIs, namely Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis. Screening was performed using rapid test kits. Data was analyzed with the SPSS 23.0 statistical software. Results: A total of 1,507 blood donor data were analyzed. The age range of the donors was 17 to 67 years. TTIs amongst donors in ADH, Abuja was HCV 4.2%, HBV 4.1%, Syphilis 1.0%, and HIV 0.9% respectively. Conclusion: There is a need for counselling amongst positive patients after blood transfusion screening, and referral to the relevant clinics for management. There is also a need to create effective public health interventions towards HCV infection which had the highest prevalence among blood donors.