College of Health Sciences

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    Cord care among mothers of sub-urban Lewllem community of Jos South LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria
    (African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 2018-02-02) Isah, H.O.; Bassi Amos Paul; Chima, G.
    Care of the cord is a known determinant of an infant’s well-being in neonatal life period, and when not according to standard frequently results in high prevalence of neonatal infections and complications, some fatal. This study sought to determine the practice of cord care among mothers of Lewllem Community of Jos South LGA, Plateau State, Nigeria. This was a community-based descriptive cross-sectional study among 300 women of reproductive age group 15-49 years with children less than 5 years of age. Substances commonly applied to cord of babies, reasons for cord care, respondents’ age, educational status and ANC attendance were determined. Along with tables and proportions, associations between respondents’ educational and age status and type of substances, reasons for cord care and duration for cord care with significant level at pV < 0.05 were determined. Methylated spirit (57.60%), Vaseline (39.22%), warm water salt solution (16.61%), plain warm water (9.54%) and herbs/native preparation (1.77%) were found in use with achieving the shrivel (drying) of the cord (50.33%), prevention of cord infection (28.33%), timely detachment of the cord (22.67%) and prevention of development of bad odor by cord (2.33%) as reasons for cord care. There was no statistical significant association between educational attainment and choice of the substances (pV = 0.1656), respondents’ age and reasons for cord care (pV = 0.9226), educational attainment and reasons for cord care (pV = 0.3006) and educational attainment and duration of cord care (pV = 1.0000). Presence of a health facility within study setting and 95.5% ANC attendance rate did not impact on respondents’ choices of appropriate substances and informed reasons for cord care. Quality of MCH services made available to pregnant mothers by the health facility, and skills of service providers will require review for remedial measures.
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    Countdown to 2015: Tracking Maternal and Child Health Intervention Targets Using Lot Quality Assurance Sampling in Bauchi State Nigeria
    (PLoS ONE, 2015-06-18) Dele Abegunde; Nosa Orobaton; Habib Sadauki; Bassi Amos Paul; Ibrahim A. Kabo; Masduq Abdulkarim
    Improving maternal and child health remains a top priority in Nigeria's Bauchi State in the northeastern region where the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR) are as high as 1540 per 100,000 live births and 78 per 1,000 live births respectively. In this study, we used the framework of the continuum of maternal and child care to evaluate the impact of interventions in Bauchi State focused on improved maternal and child health, and to ascertain progress towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5.At baseline (2012) and then at follow-up (2013), we randomly sampled 340 households from 19 random locations in each of the 20 Local Government Areas (LGA) of Bauchi State in Northern Nigeria, using the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) technique. Women residents in the households were interviewed about their own health and that of their children. Estimated LGA coverage of maternal and child health indicators were aggregated across the State. These values were then compared to the national figures, and the differences from 2012 to 2014 were calculated.For several of the indicators, a modest improvement from baseline was found. However, the indicators in the continuum of care neither reached the national average nor attained the 90% globally recommended coverage level. The majority of the LGA surveyed were classifiable as high priority, thus requiring intensified efforts and programmatic scale up.Intensive scale-up of programs and interventions is needed in Bauchi State, Northern Nigeria, to accelerate, consolidate and sustain the modest but significant achievements in the continuum of care, if MDGs 4 and 5 are to be achieved by the end of 2015. The intentional focus of LGAs as the unit of intervention ought to be considered a condition precedent for future investments. Priority should be given to the re-allocating resources to program areas and regions where coverage has been low. Finally, systematic considerations need to be given to the design of strategies that address the demand for health services.
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    The Impact of Integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Diseases Interventions to Prevent Malaria Fever in Children Less than Five Years Old in Bauchi State of Nigeria
    (PLoS ONE, 2016-02-04) Dele Abegunde; Nosa Orobaton; Bassi Amos Paul; Olugbenga Oguntunde; Moyosola Bamidele; Masduq Abdulkrim; Ezenwa Nwizugbe
    Malaria accounts for about 300,000 childhood deaths and 30% of under-five year old mortality in Nigeria annually. We assessed the impact of intervention strategies that integrated Patent Medicines Vendors into community case management of childhood-diseases, improved access to artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) and distributed bed nets to households. We explored the influence of household socioeconomic characteristics on the impact of the interventions on fever in the under-five year olds in Bauchi State Nigeria.A cross-sectional case-controlled, interventional study, which sampled 3077 and 2737 under-5 year olds from 1,588 and 1601 households in pre- and post-intervention periods respectively, was conducted from 2013 to 2015. Difference-in-differences and logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the impact attributable to the interventions: integrated community case management of childhood illness which introduced trained public and private sector health providers and the possession of nets on the prevalence of fever.Two-week prevalence of fever among under-fives declined from 56.6% at pre-intervention to 42.5% at post-intervention. Fever-prevention fraction attributable to nets was statistically significant (OR = 0.217, 95% CI: 0.08-0.33). Children in the intervention group had significantly fewer incidence of fever than children in the control group had (OR = 0.765, 95% CI: 0.67-0.87). Although being in the intervention group significantly provided 23.5% protection against fever (95% CI: 0.13-0.33), the post-intervention likelihood of fever was also significantly less than at pre-intervention (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50-0.65). The intervention protection fraction against fever was statistically significant at 43.4% (OR = 0.434, 95% CI: 0.36-0.50). Logistic regression showed that the odds of fever were lower in households with nets (OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60-0.88), among children whose mothers had higher education, in the post-intervention period (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.33-0.46) and in the intervention group (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.48-0.66). The odds of fever increased with higher socio-economic status of households (17.9%-19.5%). Difference-in-differences showed that the interventions significantly reduced occurrence of fever in the intervention group (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.36-2.14).The interventions were effective in reducing the prevalence and the likelihood of childhood malaria fever. Taken to scale, these can significantly reduce the burden of malaria fever in the under-five year old children.
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    Appraisal of Antibiotic Prescribing Profile of Patients sent for Laboratory Investigations in a Tertiary Hospital, Jos - Nigeria
    (IOSRPHR, 2020-11-02) Ogundeko, T.O.; Builders, M.; Ramyil, M.S.C.; Adu, P.J; Onuwe, A.A.; Ogbole, E.A.; Onubi, J.; Bassi Amos Paul; Bello, C.S.S.; Sokomba, E.N.
    Background: The danger associated with unguided and unmonitored prescribing of antibiotics in health institutions calls for antibiotic policies in order to avoid deviation from the standard recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Institutions that uphold compliance should be highly commended. This study was aimed to evaluate the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in Bingham University Teaching Hospital (BHUTH), Jos Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Trend and adherence-check on antibiotics prescriptions in compliance with the WHO and the institutions essential drug lists (IEDL), identification of prevalent infections especially from clients sent to the laboratory for various investigations before prescriptions were reviewed from 620 Hospital cards of the General Out-Patients Department (GOPD). Results: Gender distribution was females 343(55.3%) than males 277 (44.7%), with the majority age range of 25-34 years 227 (36.6%). From a total of 820 (single and multiple requests), stool specimen 257 (31%) was the highest, followed by urine, blood and sputum. Though, the females had higher percentage of request from the GOPD of BHUTH, but with no significant difference between the number of laboratory investigations in relation to gender at p<0.05 (p=0.7022). In addition, the most frequently prescribed class of antibiotics was Quinolones (51.8%). This was followed by Penicillins (21.6%), Sulfonamides (13.5%), Tetracyclins (12.2%) and Cephalosphorins (0.9%) respectively from monotherapy (90.5%) and multiple therapies (9.5%). Also, there is no significant difference between the category of antibiotics prescribed and gender at p<0.05 (p=0.6788) in BHUTH. The most common indication for antibiotics prescribing was respiratory tract infections (26.3%). Present study indicated significant relationship between gender and common diagnoses to antibiotics prescribing at p<0.05 (p=3.88) in BHUTH. All (100%) prescribed antibiotics were found in both WHO and BHUTH Essential Drug Lists. Conclusion: This study points out good compliance antibiotic prescribing practice with WHO and institutional recommended standards. It further showed that females are prescribed with antibiotics more than their male counterparts.
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    Patterns and predictors of malaria care-seeking, diagnostic testing, and artemisinin-based combination therapy for children under five with fever in Northern Nigeria
    (BioMed Central, 2014-11-21) Eugenie H Coakley; Bassi Amos Paul; Kathryn R Millar; Zainab Mohammed; Jennifer McCutcheon; Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim; William R. Brieger; William Sambisa
    Despite recent improvements in malaria prevention strategies, malaria case management remains a weakness in Northern Nigeria, which is underserved and suffers the country's highest rates of under-five child mortality. Understanding malaria care-seeking patterns and comparing case management outcomes to World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria's National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) guidelines are necessary to identify where policy and programmatic strategies should focus to prevent malaria mortality and morbidity.A cross-sectional survey based on lot quality assurance sampling was used to collect data on malaria care-seeking for children under five with fever in the last two weeks throughout Sokoto and Bauchi States. The survey assessed if the child received NMCP/WHO recommended case management: prompt treatment, a diagnostic blood test, and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Deviations from this pathway and location of treatment were also assessed. Lastly, logistic regression was used to assess predictors of seeking treatment.Overall, 76.7% of children were brought to treatment-45.5% to a patent medicine vendor and 43.8% to a health facility. Of children brought to treatment, 61.5% sought treatment promptly, but only 9.8% received a diagnostic blood test and 7.2% received a prompt ACT. When assessing adherence to the complete case management pathway, only 1.0% of children received NMCP/WHO recommended treatment. When compared to other treatment locations, health facilities provided the greatest proportion of children with NMCP/WHO recommended treatment. Lastly, children 7-59 months old were at 1.74 (p = 0.003) greater odds of receiving treatment than children ≤6 months.Northern Nigeria's coverage rates of NMCP/WHO standard malaria case management for children under five with fever fall short of the NMCP goal of 80% coverage by 2010 and universal coverage thereafter. Given the ability to treat a child with malaria differs greatly between treatment locations, policy and logistics planning should address the shortages of essential malaria supplies in recommended and frequently accessed treatment locations. Particular emphasis should be placed on integrating the private sector into standardized care and educating caregivers on the necessity for testing before treatment and the availability of free ACT in public health facilities for uncomplicated malaria.
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    Antifertility Efficacy of n-Hexane Seed Extract of Ricinus communis Var Minor in Wistar Rats Uterus In Vitro
    (Path of Science, 2024-06-02) Sanni, Ayuba Clagba; Moritiwon, Olusayo; Ogundeko, Timothy Olugbenga; Ramyil, Seljul Mamzhi Crown; Bassi Amos Paul; Okwuasaba, Francis Kanayo
    The seed of Ricinus communis var minor (RICOM 1013-J) is a popular contraceptive among the tribal women in Bassa Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Several reports have confirmed the efficacy and safety of different fractions of RICOM 1013-J, particularly the n-Hexane fraction. RICOM 1013-J appears to possess a unique contraceptive effect. This study aimed to provide further insight into the impact of RICOM 1013-J on the reproductive organs compared with the activity profile of some uterotonic drugs. A total of 20 adult albino rats (15 females and five males) weighing 150-200 g were initially divided into five groups of 3 female rats each with treatments via the oral route as follows: Groups A (2ml olive oil), others n-Hexane extract of Ricinus communis seeds (RICOM 1013-J) B (5 mg/kg), C (10 mg/kg), D (20 mg/kg) and E (30 mg/kg). After three days, the five male rats were introduced into each group (ratio of 3 females to 1 male per cage) till the end of experiments for mating. The effect of the pretreatment with the n-hexane extract of RICOM 1013-J on the rat uterus was evaluated after days 10, 30, 60 and 90. RICOM 1013-J (20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg) demonstrated potent anti-conceptive effects, protecting female Wister albino rats against pregnancy for over five gestational periods. RICOM 1013-J statistically altered the regular basal activity of the uterus in a time-dependent manner (10, 30, 60 and 90 days pretreatment). Furthermore, pretreatment with RICOM 1013-J decreased the reactivity of the uterus to some uterotonic drugs, including oxytocin (2x10-3 iu/ml), ergometrine (1x10-3 mg/ml), misoprostol (2x10-3 mg/ml), Ach (1x10-5 gm/ml) and potassium chloride (1x10-3 gm/ml). The contraction to misoprostol and potassium chloride in the uterus was abolished on day 90 of pretreatment. This study has demonstrated the dose-dependent efficacy of RICOM 1013-J in protecting against pregnancy for over five gestation periods in rats. This protective effect may be due to the alterations in the activity profile of smooth muscle quiescence and inertia in the uterus. In addition, the changes in the responsiveness of the uterus to the uterotonic drugs further confirm the anti-conceptive effects of RICOM 1013-J.
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    A case study of a circulating vaccine derived polio virus in a Nomad in Zaria – Kaduna state, Nigeria
    (World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 2020-02-02) Tukur Mustapha; Bakam Clement Kure; Balarabe Hadiza; Ogundeko Timothy Olugbenga; Bassi Amos Paul; Ramyil Mamzhil Seljul Crown; Dominic Bawa Maikaje
    Immunization regarding polio has yielded quite a tremendous positive impact as a result of campaigns and involvement of various stake holders from the grass root to the federal level in Nigeria. Interventions from international agencies and organizations in light of synergic partnership with Nigeria in order to tackle polio cannot be overemphasized. All these have helped to place Nigeria as one of the polio – free nations in the world. This was retrospective case study involving a 2 year old female orphan who was moved from a hygiene and sanitation- deficient and non-immune susceptible settlement fulani settlement in Kubau LGA to Anguwan Alkali community in Zaria in order to live with her grandmother. She was taken to Babban Dodo PHC in Zaria for community management of acute malnutrition programme as a malnourished child. The child was claimed to have been vaccinated. On the 18th of August 2018, the Assistant District Nursing officer of Zaria LGA, Kaduna State, Nigeria was notified about case of a sudden onset of left limb flaccid paralysis that started on the 17th of August 2018. The case was reported to the Kaduna state ministry of health. After fitting the AFP case definition. Stool sample was taken for laboratory investigation. The sample was sent to the National Level Polio Immunization Laboratory at the University of Ibadan on the 21st August 2018. The laboratory test results came out positive for cVDPV2. Results from the community survey also showed that most of the catchment settlement for PHC Anguwan Alkali has RI coverage of less than 70%. The detection of the cVDPV2 strains underscores the importance of maintaining high level of often Routine Immunization coverage at all levels to minimize the risk and consequences of any poliovirus circulation in Zaria LGA-Nigeria
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    Perceptions of working conditions amongst health workers in state-owned facilities in northeastern Nigeria
    (Annals of African Medicine, 2009-01-01) Chirdan, Oluwabunmi O; Akosu, Joeseph T.; Ejembi, Clara L.; Bassi Amos Paul; Zoakah, Ayuba I.
    The health care sector depends to a large extent on human labor. Poor worker motivation can greatly affect health outcomes and patient safety. There is little information on the health workers' perceptions of working conditions in resource-poor settings.Three state-owned facilities in each state were selected by simple random sampling technique. The selected facilities were visited on weekdays between 9 and 10 a.m. A self-administered structured questionnaire was given to all health care workers on duty in the facility at the time of visit.A total of 299 questionnaires were returned. The response rate was 85.43%. Two hundred four (68.2%) workers experienced general satisfaction with their current jobs. The relationships between general job satisfaction and presence of conflict at work (P = 0.001), freedom of expression (P > 0.001), managerial support for staff welfare (P > 0.001), managerial support for staff career development (P > 0.001), availability of tools and consumables in the workplace (P > 0.001) and progress towards personal professional goals (P = 0.001) were statistically significant.The level of general job satisfaction was high. Though salaries were important, presence of conflict at work, freedom of expression, managerial support for staff welfare, managerial support for staff career development, availability of tools and consumables in the workplace and progress towards personal professional goals appear to play a role in worker motivation.
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    Sero-prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among primary school pupils in rural Hawal valley, Borno State, Nigeria
    (Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 2005-06-09) DN Bukbuk; Bassi Amos Paul; ZM Mangoro
    Background and objective: Hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem worldwide and in Africa. In the northeastern part of Nigeria. Information on the prevalence of HBV infection in rural communities is scarce. This study was carried out to determine the sero-prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen amongst primary school pupils in a rural setting in northeastern Nigeria. Methods: Hepatitis B surface antigen was tested for in 150 apparently healthy children in two primary schools in two rural communities situated in the Hawal valley area in Borno State, North East zone of Nigeria using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique. Results: The overall sero-positivity of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the pupils was 44.7% (95% C.I: 36.6 53.0). The prevalence of HBsAg was found to increase with age, rising from 40.6% in children aged 10-11 years to 75% in children aged above 13 years. The sero-prevalence is (47.2%, (95% C.I: 37.5 57.1) among males while among the females it was slightly lower 38.1 % (95 C.I: 23.6 54.4%). The differences in the HbsAg sero-prevalence by age, sex and location were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HBsAg in the two primary school children provides evidence for an urgent mass immunization for children on entry to the schools.Keywords: HBs Antigenaemia, primary school pupils, rural hawal river valley, northeastern NigeriaJournal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 2005, 17(1): 20-23
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    HPV Vaccine and Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake among women in Abia State
    (Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care., 2024-08-23) C.I. Amuzie; U.K. Kalu; M.O. Izuka; Bassi Amos Paul
    Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and it is associated with infection by the Human  Papillomavirus (HPV). There are effective interventions for the prevention of cervical cancer. However, the uptake of these interventions  by women in developing countries is poor. This study assessed the knowledge and practices of cervical cancer preventive measures and  uptake of HPV vaccines among women in Abia State. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study among women in Abia State. Multistage sampling was used to recruit 700 eligible  women and an ODK interviewerbased structured questionnaire was used to collect the information. Descriptive, bivariate, and  multivariate analyses were done using SPSS version 26. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The mean age of the respondents  was 40.3 ± 9.9 years and the proportion of women with good knowledge of HPV infection and vaccine was 22.0% (95% CI:  18.9- 25.1). The uptake of Pap smear and HPV vaccine was 7% and 3%, respectively, while predictors of good knowledge for HPV infection  and vaccine included higher educational status (aOR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.73–3.71, p = 0.001), being currently married (aOR = 0.32; 95% CI:  0.18–0.54, p= 0.001) and divorced (aOR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.13–0.49, p=0.001). Conclusion: Poor knowledge of HPV infection and vaccines,  and poor uptake of Pap smear and HPV vaccine were prevalent among the respondents. We recommend policymakers design health  education programmes to improve knowledge and preventive cervical cancer practices.