College of Health Sciences
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Item Substance Abuse and its Prevalence Among Secondary School Adolescents in Kagoro, Kaduna State, Nigeria(World Journal of Research and Review (WJRR), 2017-07-02) Bassi, A.P.; Ogundeko, T.O.; Ramyil, M.S.C.; Abisoye-Ogunniyan, A.; Ogbole, E.A.; Thilza, S.A.; SuleUredo’, O.; Ante, E.B.; Baba, A.I.; Chimbuoyim, I.N.Despite the existing scanty data on patterns of drug abuse in specific groups in the Nigerian communities due to the tendency of changing patterns in illicit drug use with various alarming reports on same points to the need to constantly update information on the use of drugs among Nigerian adolescents. This was a cross sectional, descriptive study on the prevalence of substance use amongst adolescents. A total number of 400 Senior Secondary Schools 1,2,3 students from two selected schools in Kagoro Chiefdom of Kaura local government area in Kaduna State (Nigeria) were randomly administered with a pre-coded four sections (socio-demographic information, drug awareness and use, attitude of the students to drug abuse and practice of substance abuse). Out of a total of 400 respondents, which males constituted 75% and females 25% of substance users. 89.20% were aware of substance use and 10.80 % were not aware. Substances used were alcohol (52.58%), analgesics (33.7%), marijuana (2.59%), cigarette (1.72%), glue/solution (0.86%) and other local substances (8.62%) respectively. Family setting of respondents taking substance (66.6%:5.95%:27.4%) from monogamous, polygamous and extended families respectively. Factors responsible for engagement in substance use was curiosity 38.10%, peer pressure 19.05%, depression 7.14%, energy for work 4.76%, home problems 1.19%, festivities aura 11.90% beliefs 5.96%, others 11.90%. 58.3% of respondents were introduced to substance use by friends, while 25% were introduced by their family members. Curiosity and peer pressure which is a characteristic of this age group are the major reasons for indulgence in substance use as well the ease at obtaining substances. Family also plays a role.Item Reducing the burden of diarrhea among children under five years old: lessons learned from oral rehydration therapy corner program implementation in Northern Nigeria(BioMed Central, 2015-02-02) Charyeva, Z.; Cannon, M.; Oguntunde, O.; Garba, A.M.; Sambisa, W.; Bassi, A.P.; Ibrahim, M.A.; Danladi, S.E.; Lawal, N.Background: In Nigeria, diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of death among children under five years old. Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) corners were introduced to health facilities in Bauchi and Sokoto states to serve as points of treatment for sick children and equip caregivers with necessary skills in case management of diarrhea and diarrhea prevention. Objectives: The operations research study examined the effect of facility-based ORT corners on caregivers’ knowledge and skills in management of simple and moderate diarrhea at home, as well as caregivers’ and service providers’ perceived facilitators and barriers to utilization and delivering of ORT corner services. It also examined whether ORT activities were conducted according to the established protocols. Methods: This quantitative study relied on multiple sources of information to provide a complete picture of the current status of ORT corner services, namely surveys with ORT corner providers (N = 21), health facility providers(N = 23) and caregivers (N = 229), as well as a review of service statistics and health facility observations. Frequency distribution and binary analysis were conducted. Results: The study revealed that ORT corner users were more knowledgeable in diarrhea prevention and managementand demonstrated better skills for managing diarrhea at home than ORT corner non-users. However, the percentage of knowledgeable ORT users is not optimal, and providers need to continue to work toward improving such knowledge. ORT corner providers identified a lack of supplies as the major barrier for providing services. Furthermore, the study revealed a lack of information, education and communication materials, supportive supervision, and protocols and guidelines for delivering ORT corner services, as well as inadequate documentation of services provided at ORT corners. Recommendations: Recommendations for ORT corners program planners and implementers include ensuring all ORT corners have oral rehydration salt (ORS) packages and salt, sugar, and zinc tablets in stock, a secured commodity supply chain to avoid stockouts, and adequate policies and procedures in place.Item Trends in newborn umbilical cord care practices in Sokoto and Bauchi States of Nigeria: the where, who, how, what and the ubiquitous role of traditional birth attendants: a lot quality assurance sampling survey(BioMed Central, 2017-02-02) Abegunde, D.; Orobaton, N.; Beal, K.; Bassi, A.P.; Bamidele, M.; Akomolafe, T.; Ohanyido, F.; Umar-Farouk, O.; Danladi, S.Background: Neonatal infections caused by unsafe umbilical cord practices account for the majority of neonatal deaths in Nigeria. We examined the trends in umbilical cord care practices between 2012 and 2015 that coincided with the introduction of chlorhexidine digluconate 7.1% gel in Bauchi and Sokoto States. Methods: We obtained data from three rounds of lot quality assurance samples (LQAS) surveys conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2015. Households were randomly sampled in each round that totaled 1140 and 1311 households in Bauchi and Sokoto States respectively. Mothers responded to questions on cord care practices in the last delivery. Coverage estimates of practice indicators were obtained for each survey period. Local Government Area (LGA) estimates for each indicator were obtained with α ≤ 5%, and β ≤20% statistical errors and aggregated to State-level estimates with finite sample correction relative to the LGA population. Results: Over 75 and 80% of deliveries in Bauchi and Sokoto States respectively took place at home. The proportion of deliveries in public facilities reported by mothers ranged from 19% in 2012 to 22.4% in 2015 in Bauchi State and from 12.9 to 13.2% in 2015 in Sokoto State. Approximately 50% of deliveries in Bauchi and more than 80% in Sokoto States were assisted by traditional birth attendants (TBAs) or relatives and friends, with little change in the survey periods. InBauchi and in Sokoto States, over 75% and over 80% of newborn cords were cut with razor blades underscoring the pervasive role of the TBAs in the immediate postpartum period. Use of chlorhexidine digluconate 7.1% gel for cord dressing significantly increased to the highest level in 2015 in both States. Health workers who attended deliveries in health facilities switched from methylated spirit to chlorhexidine. There were no observable changes in cord care practices among the TBAs. Conclusion: Unsafe umbilical cord care practices remained prevalent in Bauchi and Sokoto States of Nigeria, although a recent introduction of chlorhexidine digluconate 7.1% gel positively changed the cord care practices toward safer practices among public health providers. TBAs, friends and relatives played the strongest immediate postpartum roles and mostly retained the unsafe cord care practices such as use of ash, cow dung and hot compress. We recommend that existing TBAs are retrained and refocused to forge stronger links between communities and the primary health centers to increase mothers’ access to skilled birth attendants.Item Patterns and predictors of malaria care-seeking, diagnostic testing, and artemisinin-based combination therapy for children under five with fever in Northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional study(Malaria Journal, 2014-02-02) Millar, K.R.; McCutcheon, J.; Coakley, E.H.; Brieger, W.; Ibrahim, M.A.; Mohammed, Z.; Bassi, A.P.; Sambisa, W.Background: Despite recent improvements in malaria prevention strategies, malaria case management remains aweakness in Northern Nigeria, which is underserved and suffers the country’s highest rates of under-five child mortality. Understanding malaria care-seeking patterns and comparing case management outcomes to World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria’s National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) guidelines are necessary to identify where policy and programmatic strategies should focus to prevent malaria mortality and morbidity. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on lot quality assurance sampling was used to collect data on malaria care-seeking for children under five with fever in the last two weeks throughout Sokoto and Bauchi States. The survey assessed if the child received NMCP/WHO recommended case management: prompt treatment, a diagnostic blood test, and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Deviations from this pathway and location of treatment were also assessed. Lastly, logistic regression was used to assess predictors of seeking treatment. Results: Overall, 76.7% of children were brought to treatment—45.5% to a patent medicine vendor and 43.8% to a health facility. Of children brought to treatment, 61.5% sought treatment promptly, but only 9.8% received a diagnostic blood test and 7.2% received a prompt ACT. When assessing adherence to the complete case management pathway, only 1.0% of children received NMCP/WHO recommended treatment. When compared to other treatment locations, health facilities provided the greatest proportion of children with NMCP/WHO recommended treatment. Lastly, children 7–59 months old were at 1.74 (p = 0.003) greater odds of receiving treatment than children ≤6 months. Conclusions: Northern Nigeria’s coverage rates of NMCP/WHO standard malaria case management for children under five with fever fall short of the NMCP goal of 80% coverage by 2010 and universal coverage thereafter. Given the ability to treat a child with malaria differs greatly between treatment locations, policy and logistics planning should address the shortages of essential malaria supplies in recommended and frequently accessed treatment locations. Particular emphasis should be placed on integrating the private sector into standardized care and educating caregivers on the necessity for testing before treatment and the availability of free ACT in public health facilities for uncomplicated malaria.