Browsing by Author "Lawal, Sakinatu"

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    Diphtheria
    (NUMSA International Journal of Medicine and Health Education, 2025-02-02) Shehu, Ahmad Bala; Lawal, Sakinatu; Uhuo, Emmanuela
    Diphtheria is a highly contagious and potentially fatal infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets and, less commonly, contaminated fomites or skin contact. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, diphtheria persists as a global health challenge, especially in regions with poor vaccination coverage and disrupted healthcare systems. This review highlights the epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of diphtheria, with a particular focus on recent outbreaks in Nigeria and other conflict-affected regions. The diphtheria toxin plays a central role in disease progression, causing local airway obstruction and systemic complications such as myocarditis, neuritis, and renal failure. Treatment relies on the prompt administration of diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care. Prevention through immunization remains the cornerstone of control, yet challenges such as vaccine hesitancy, inadequate healthcare access, and limited availability of antitoxin complicate eradication efforts. Strengthening vaccination programs, enhancing surveillance, and addressing systemic barriers are essential for reducing the burden of diphtheria and preventing future outbreaks.
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    Ebola Virus
    (NUMSA International Journal of Medicine and Health Education, 2025-02-02) Lawal, Sakinatu; Oranwusi, Emmanuel; Ibrahim, Abdul-Azeez O.
    Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a highly lethal infectious disease caused by the Ebola virus, with mortality rates ranging from 25% to 90%. First identified in 1976, EVD has emerged as a major public health threat, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is transmitted through contact with infected animals and humans, with outbreaks often exacerbated by limited healthcare infrastructure. Nigeria experienced a notable outbreak in 2014, which highlighted the challenges of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in resource limited settings. This review explores the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of EVD, emphasizing Nigeria’s experience and response. It underscores the importance of surveillance, public awareness, supportive care, vaccination, and international collaboration in mitigating the impact of future outbreaks.