Department of Petroleum & Gas

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.nileuniversity.edu.ng/handle/123456789/56

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Start date: 2020End date: 2024

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    Evaluation of the Potential of Calcium Hydroxide Synthesized from Eggshells as a Drilling Fluid Additive
    (Petroleum and Coal, 2020-01-09) Abdullahi Gimba; Shalom Onome Amakhabi; Oghenerume Ogolo; Oluwaseun Alonge; Nzerem Petrus; Ikechukwu Okafor; David Afolayan
    This research work studied the suitability of Ca(OH)2 synthesized from eggshell as a drilling fluid additive. Ca(OH)2 was synthesized from calcined eggshells (CES) and uncalcined eggshells (UCES) and characterized using FTIR and EDX. Samples of one laboratory barrel of water-based mud were prepared using bentonite clay from Afuze, Edo State, Nigeria, and the synthesized Ca(OH)2 produced from CES and UCES and commercial Ca(OH)2 were added to different mud samples prepared, and its effect on the mud properties were tested for. The results obtained from the experiment conducted showed that the synthesized Ca(OH)2 gave comparable pH values as the commercial Ca(OH)2. Hence it served primarily as a pH enhancer. However, the addition of Ca(OH)2 from both sources increased the filtrate volume and mud cake thickness far beyond API standard which might create wellbore problems due to the high filtrate loss and mud cake thickness that were observed.
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    Assessing the Impact of Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contract Ammendments on the Economics of Deep Offshore E&P Assets in Nigeria
    (Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020-08-04) Oghenerume Ogolo; Omowumi Iledare; Petrus Nzerem; Ikechukwu Okafor ; Emeka Iloegbunam; Isaac P. Ekeoma
    Nigeria recently amended the Deep Offshore and Inland Basins Act. The Act seeks to generate aditional annual revenue of over $1 billion for the government. The 2019 Law seems attractive to the government in the short run in terms of early rent extraction; on one hand, the seeminglly attractiveness of the fiscal terms in the Ammended Act, which is to expand output from investment in Nigeria deep offshore in the country is conjectural. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the amendments to the PSC Act on value creation and addition to stake holders using systems and economic metrics that include investment earning power and discounted government take. A designed petroleum economic modeling framework applied to the fiscal terms in the new Act show a significant decrease in value addition to contractor portfolio of assets by about 25% but increases government discounted take statistics from 63.70% to 72.64% in comparison to the fiscal and contract terms in PSC 1993. The IRR and FLI obtained using the terms in the new Act were 23.66% and 0.043, respectively.
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    Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil by Transesterification Process using Heterogeneous Catalyst
    (NIJEST, 2021-12-07) Ayuba Salihu; Mahmood A. A.; Gimba S. B.; Petrus Nzerem; Ikechukwu Okafor
    Non-renewable diesel from fossil has been considered as potentially carcinogenic with serious harmful effect to human health and to the environment. This study aimed to produce a renewable diesel –biodiesel- via transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO), investigated and determined the most suitable amongst various types of heterogenous catalysts (viz a viz KOH/CaCO3, KOH/CaO and KOH/K2CO3). The chemical and physical characterisation of the biodiesel was been carried out. Among the catalysts investigated, KOH/CaCO3 catalyst showed the best catalytic performance in terms of % yield and better fuel quality in density, acid value, viscosity and free fatty acid. The reason for this performance may be due to its most basic characteristic than the others. As a result, this catalyst was selected for the optimisation study. At the optimum reaction conditions of 10 wt% catalyst loading and 1:10 oil to methanol feed mole ratio, triglycerides conversion was highest, 98.12%. The characterisation results shows that the parameters tested (i.e. density, viscosity, acid value and free fatty acid) meet the strict requirements of the biodiesel standard and therefore, the produced fuel can be used in place of the petrol diesel.
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    Comprehensive Characterization of Some Selected Biomass for Bioenergy Production
    (ACS Omega, 2023-11-08) Asmau M. Yahya; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Salihu Ayuba; Hauwa A. Rasheed; Abdullahi Gimba; Ikechukwu Okafor; Jude A. Okolie; Prabhu Paramasivam
    There is a lack of information about the detailed characterization of biomass of Nigerian origin. This study presents a comprehensive characterization of six biomass, groundnut shells, corncob, cashew leaves, Ixora coccinea (flame of the woods), sawdust, and lemongrass, to aid appropriate selection for bio-oil production. The proximate, ultimate, calorific value and compositional analyses were carried out following the American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence were employed in this study for functional group analyses, thermal stability, and structural analyses. The H/C and O/C atomic ratios, fuel ratio, ignitability index, and combustibility index of the biomass samples were evaluated. Groundnut shells, cashew leaves, and lemongrass were identified as promising feedstocks for bio-oil production based on their calorific values (>20 MJ/kg). Sawdust exhibited favorable characteristics for bio-oil production as indicated by its higher volatile matter (79.28%), low ash content (1.53%), low moisture content (6.18%), and high fixed carbon content (13.01%). Also, all samples showed favorable ignition and flammability properties. The low nitrogen (<0.12%) and sulfur (<0.04%) contents in the samples make them environmentally benign fuels as a lower percentage of NOx and SOx will be released during the production of the bio-oil. These results are contributions to the advancement of a sustainable and efficient carbon-neutral energy mix, promoting biomass resource utilization for the generation of energy.
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    Absorption, Diffraction and Free Space Path Losses Modeling for the Terahertz Band
    (MECS, 2020-08-18) Petrus Nzerem; Oyeleke D. Oluseun; Idris Muhammad; Sadiq Thomas; Olabode Idowu-Bismark
    With the explosive increase in the data traffic of wireless communication systems and the scarcity of spectrum, terahertz (THz) frequency band is predicted as a hopeful contender to shore up ultra- broadband for the forthcoming beyond fifth generation (5G) communication system. THz frequency band is a bridge between millimeter wave (mmWave) and optical frequency bands. The contribution of this paper is to carry out an in-depth study of the THz channel impairments using mathematical models to evaluate the requirements for designing indoor THz communication systems at 300GHz. Atmospheric absorption loss, diffraction loss and free space path loss were investigated and modeled. Finally, we discuss several potential application scenarios of THz and the essential technical challenges that will be encountered in the future THz communications. Finally, the article finds that propagating in the THz spectrum is strongly dependent on antenna gain.
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    Comparative studies of machine learning models for predicting higher heating values of biomass
    (Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), 2024-06-29) Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Adeyinka Adedigba; Steve Adeshina; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Mohammed S. Lawal; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Halima S. Yakubu; Temitayo Samson Ogedengbe; Petrus Nzerem; Jude A. Okolie
    This study addresses the challenge of efficiently determining the higher heating value (HHV) of biomass, a crucial parameter in large-scale biomass-based energy systems. The conventional method of measuring HHV using an oxygen bomb calorimeter is time-consuming, expensive, and less accessible to researchers, particularly in developing nations. To overcome these limitations, we employed four machine learning (ML) models, namely Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). These models were developed by using proximate and ultimate analysis parameters as input features. Up to 200 datasets were compiled from literature and used for the ML models. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of all ML models in accurately predicting the HHV of biomass materials. Notably, the XGBoost model exhibited superior performance with the highest R-squared (R2) values for both training (0.9683) and test datasets (0.7309), along with the lowest root mean squared error (RSME) of 0.3558. Key influential input features identified for HHV prediction include carbon (C), volatile matter (Vm), ash, and hydrogen (H). Consequently, this research provides a reliable alternative for predicting HHV without the need for costly and time-intensive experimental measurements, facilitating broader accessibility in biomass energy research.
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    Study of the Potential of Sodium Carbonate Extracted from Trona as a Drilling Fluid Additive
    (International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, 2020-06-30) Petrus Nzerem; Enyo June Adejoh; Oghenerume Ogolo; Ikechukwu Okafor; Abdullahi Gimba; Ternenge Joseph Chior; Precious Ogbeiwi
    Drilling additives play a unique role during drilling operations, from aiding in the control of various drilling challenges to successfully enhancing downhole drilling efficiency. pH enhancers are amongst the plethora of additives imported into Nigeria at exorbitant prices to aid in drilling operations. These additives includes NaOH, Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2 etc. These additives are used to improve the mud pH and mitigates drill string corrosion. The high cost of importation of these additives, has warranted the need for product substitution which should take advantage of the locally available resources. This paper evaluated the suitability of locally-sourced Trona, as a mud additive in drilling mud. Trona is known chemically as Sodium Sesquicarbonate or Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate. A distinguishing factor in this research work was the purification of Trona by extracting the compound of interest (Na2CO3) from it using the monohydrate process. The purification method involved crushing and screening of Trona as well as calcination, filtration and evaporation processes. The analysis of the Trona and the extracted product was performed using quantitative analysis and characterization tools such as FTIR and EDX. Further experimentation was carried out to evaluate the effects of the extracted sodium carbonate on the mud pH, rheology, and density of the water based mud. The results were also compared to the results gotten from the addition of conventional Na2CO to similar mud samples. The extracted Na2CO was observed to increase the pH of the mud samples from 8.73 to 9.52 and the commercial Na2CO increased it from 8.73 to 10 and this value is still in the range of API standard. The pH enhancers from both sources also had effect on the mud rheological properties. This indeed showed that the extracted Na2CO from Trona acted as drilling fluid pH enhancer and hence possess the potential for usage in the industry.
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    Determination of the Optimal Blend Ratio of Hydrogen in Natural Gas System Using Physical Properties as Basis
    (ICMEAS, 2023-11-01) Ayuba Salihu ; Ikechukwu Okafor; Aniezi Okoro Daniel; Abdullahi Gimba ; Petrus Nzerem
    The Determination of the optimal blend ratio of hydrogen in natural gas systems using physical properties as a basis is an important research topic given the increasing use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel source. This research aims to determine the optimal blend ratio of hydrogen in a natural gas system using physical properties such as its Composition, Heating Value, Density, and Wobbe index as the basis of evaluation. Samples of consumer-grade Natural gas and clean Hydrogen gas were sourced in Nigeria. Both samples were used for blending and laboratory analysis. The blend volume ratios of Natural Gas (NG) and Hydrogen analyzed were 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, & 5:5 using a Gasometer and Gas Chromatography Machine (CG). The experiment results provided valuable insights into the potential feasibility of replacing natural gas systems with a Hydrogen-Natural gas blend. The result obtained indicated about 2.06% reduction in percentage methane content, 26.35% reduction in gas density, 19.97% reduction in heating value (HHV), 5% reduction Wobbe index for every 10% increment of Hydrogen Ratio. This implies that blending carbon-neutral hydrogen gas into the natural gas systems for the purpose of decarbonization requires adequate compensation for expected changes in properties like heating value, flow dynamics, and process handling. The EUROMOT specification recommends that the percentage change in the wobbe index should be within the limit of +4% and -4% as an acceptable limit of interchangeability of fuel gas. Using the EUROMOT specification on Wobbe index, further numerical analysis affirmed that Natural Gas blended with as much as 25.74% Hydrogen can effectively be a substitute for fuel gas systems that are presently using Natural Gas.
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    Simulation Technology in Renewable Energy Generation: A Review
    (International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Sciences (ICMEAS), 2023-11-01) Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Ayuba Salihu; Esther Nneka Anosike-Francis; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Kpabep Kerein Kalenebari; Yuguda Abdullahi Muhammad; Waliyi Adekola Adeleke; Moses Oluwatobi Fajobi
    The escalating energy consumption rates and the alarming environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel usage have driven global attention towards alternative energy sources. While nuclear power has emerged as one such alternative, concerns about past reactor accidents and the health effects of radiation release have limited its widespread adoption. Renewable energy, on the other hand, offers a promising solution with minimal environmental harm compared to nuclear power. However, the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources and their inability to consistently supply power present significant challenges for nations aiming to harness these abundant resources. To address these challenges, the integration of simulation technology into energy generation processes has proven instrumental. By employing simulation tools, it becomes possible to identify, control, and even eliminate factors that may hinder energy generation and efficiency. Furthermore, simulation technology enables accurate predictions of the expected energy output from renewable sources. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent advancements and applications of simulation technology in renewable energy generation. It elucidates how simulation technology has been successfully integrated into renewable energy systems and discusses its potential to enhance the efficiency of renewable energy generation.
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    Improved Liquid Level Control Design Using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System.
    (International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science (ICMEAS)., 2023-11-01) Nathaniel U. Nathaniel; Suleiman U. Hussein; Omotayo Oshiga; Nyangwarimam Ali; Petrus Nzerem; Sadiq Thomas
    In industrial applications such as those in petrochemicals, nuclear, etc. liquid level control is very important: hence we have elaborated a straightforward case of control scenario, that can further be applied in multiple of these areas by simply varying the design to suit each case. We have given preference to the application of fuzzy logic rather than other control methods – hence describing a lot of the background information about it. Then, we move forward to apply the Mamdani type Fuzzy Inference System in demonstrating how the logic works in controlling the liquid level in a single tank system; first using 3-rules, then, 5-rules. We have designed and simulated in MATLAB, the 3-rules and the 5-rules systems. Unlike previous works on these cases, our results show better choices in that, key performance parameters viz rise time, settling time and overshoot, are better than previous results we have seen in literatures. We achieve these better results by varying some parameters, initial conditions and improved Simulink designs; to explore the viability of our chosen method of control. This work also further proves that the FLC is a better controlling method in these areas of its application than other control methods.