Browsing by Author "Petrus Nzerem"

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A Comparative Analysis of the Well Performance of Vertical, Horizontal and Multilateral Well
(Petroleum and Coal, 2019) Ameena A. Gaji; Petrus Nzerem; Oghenerume Ogolo; Ikechukwu Okafor ; Ternenge Joseph Chior
The demand for energy in the world has been ever increasing. Conventional technologies are being replaced gradually by different new technologies. Horizontal wells and multilateral wells have proved to be highly beneficial by improving production rates significantly. This study focuses on investigating the well performance of vertical well (Well V), horizontal well (Well H), and multilateral well (Well M) in the Hurricane field using PROSPER software. PVT matching, well modelling and well performance analysis was carried out. Sensitivity analysis was performed on key parameters such as tubing diameter, water cut, wellhead pressure and tubing roughness to determine their effects on well productivity. It was observed that increasing the water cut decreased the production rates of Well V, Well H and Well M by 41%, 36.1% and 33.5% respectively. An increase in the tubing diameter improved the production rates, wellhead pressure had high impacts on the well performance while tubing roughness had a minimal effect on oil production. The optimum production rates of 21,622.5 STB/day, 28,653.6 STB/day and 29,800.9 STB/day for Well V, Well H and Well M respectively were achieved at reservoir pressure of 3500 psig, wellhead pressure of 400 psig, water cut of 5% and a 5.5 inches tubing diameter.
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING TECHNIQUES IN SHALE GAS PRODUCTION
(NJEAS, 2023-01-01) Umar Adekola; Abdullahi Gimba; Ayuba Salihu; Khaleel Jakada; Ikechukwu Okafor ; Petrus Nzerem; Joseph Chior; Oghenerume Ogolo; Khadijah Ibrahim
Shale gas has emerged as a significant source of natural gas due to advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technologies. This extraction method has facilitated drilling and production activities in regions previously untouched by oil and gas development. Hydraulic fracturing, a well-stimulation technique suitable for low and moderate-permeability reservoirs, relies on the successful drilling of horizontal wells and the creation of multiple hydraulic fractures to ensure economic viability. While shale gas presents significant energy production opportunities, concerns have been raised regarding its environmental impact. To mitigate these risks and determine the most effective approach for shale gas extraction, alternative fracturing technologies are being investigated. Notably, a considerable number of perforation clusters in shale gas horizontal wells do not contribute to production, highlighting the potential for refracturing. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is required to evaluate the performance of hydraulic fracturing and alternative fracturing technologies in shale gas wells, considering factors such as cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and gas extraction efficiency. This article aims to evaluate the hydraulic fracturing technology's capability to enhance gas recovery in shale gas formations as well as its environmental implications. The focus of this research is primarily on the hydraulic fracturing technique employed in shale gas development, its production capability, and associated environmental concerns. Through a systematic evaluation, this study provided valuable insights into the potential of hydraulic fracturing in maximizing gas recovery while addressing environmental challenges in shale gas formations.
A Review of Rare Earth Ion-Doped Glasses: Physical, Optical, and Photoluminescence Properties
(Trends in Sciences, 2024-10-22) Serifat Olamide Adeleye; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Esther Nneka Anosike-Francis; Temitayo Samson Ogedengbe; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Rabiatu Adamu Saleh; Jude A. Okolie
Researchers worldwide have shown significant interest in doping glasses with rare-earth ions. This is particularly intriguing because rare-earth ions are extensively used to enhance the optical properties of host glasses, capitalizing on their unique spectroscopic characteristics due to optical transitions within the intra-4f shell. An in-depth review was conducted on various glass fabrication methods, such as sputtering, solgel, chemical vapor deposition, ion exchange, and direct melt quenching. The study emphasized the physical, optical, and photoluminescence properties of glasses made from glass formers co-doped with rare earth ions. Understanding the interrelationship between these properties is crucial for optimizing material performance across various technological applications. The research highlights the broad applicability of rare-earth-doped glasses in fields like white light emission, photonic devices, solid-state lasers, optical fiber communication, and biomedical applications
A Review of the Physical, Optical and Photoluminescence Properties of Rare Earth Ions Doped Glasses
(TRENDS IN SCIENCES, 2024-10-22) Serifat Olamide Adeleye; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Esther Nneka Anosike-Francis; Temitayo Samson Ogedengbe; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Rabiatu Adamu Saleh; Jude A. Okolie
Doping glasses with rare-earth ions have garnered significant attention among researchers worldwide. This interest stems from the widespread utilization of rare-earth ions to enhance the optical characteristics of host glasses and exploit the unique spectroscopic properties arising from their optical transitions in the intra-4f shell. Thus, this study reviewed the exceptional potential of rare-earth ion-doped glasses (REIs) in various applications such as solid-state lasers, photonic devices, communication optical fibers, and white light emission. Various methods for the fabrication of glass such as direct melt quenching, sol-gel, ion exchange, sputtering and co-doping techniques were reviewed extensively. The Specific focus was on the physical, optical and photoluminescence properties of glasses produced from glass formers co-doped with rare earth ions. The investigation centers on the comprehensive current applicability of REI-doped glasses. The review concludes based on the physical, optical and photoluminescence properties of rare earth ion-doped glasses that they are extremely useful in photonics, lasers, biomedical and optical communication applications.
A Review on Biomass Briquettes as Alternative and Renewable Fuels
(IEEE, 2023-02-28) Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Ayuba Salihu; Esther Nneka Anosike-Francis; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Etowa Emmanuel Obasesam; Sakeenah Sadiq Abubakar; Dakut John Yerima; Khaleel Jakada
The adverse effects of the combustion of fossil fuels on humanity and the environment have made it vital to discover eco-friendly, sustainable, and renewable energy alternatives. Globally, there exists loose biomass, which is agricultural and cultural waste that can be utilised to produce briquettes, a type of solid fuel. Briquettes have played a significant role in the energy generation economies of both developing and developed nations. The production of briquettes involves a series of activities, including collection, transportation, storage, processing, and densification of the feedstock to meet predetermined quality parameters. Rice husk, corn stalk, wheat straw, cassava stalk, groundnut shell, olive husk, palm kernel shell and coconut shell are among the feedstocks for briquettes. In order to increase the cohesive strength of the briquettes, binders are incorporated during the densification process. This study aims to investigate the current state of research regarding the utilisation of biomass-derived briquettes as a viable substitute for traditional fuels. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive analysis of recent literature published between 2017 and 2023 is conducted. This study encompasses essential subtopics, including the accessibility of biomass, the selection of binders, the parameters of the briquette process, and the equipment used for briquetting.
A Review on Extraction of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) From Coal Using Acid Leaching
(IEEE, 2023-11-01) Rabiatu Adamu Saleh; Abdullahi Gimba; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Taofeek Sunmonu; Petrus Nzerem; Ayuba Salihu; Chinomso Odimba
Coal has become a feasible source of rare earth elements (REEs; the 14 stable lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium). It is believed to contain significant amounts of rare earth elements, making it a primary source of REEs which serves as basic raw materials in the production of renewable energy. This review established the feasibility of recovering REEs from coal using acid leaching method. It discusses; the sourcing of REEs from coal, the applications of REEs and acid leaching as an effective hydrometallurgical method for extracting REEs from coal. It also examined the efficiency of methods used by other researchers in extracting REEs from coal. However, the potential of acid leaching as a solution to issues such as: difficult leaching conditions, low recovery and the use of expensive chemicals has not been fully investigated. For a better choice in the extraction of REEs from coal, more study and review are necessary.
A review on the use of carboxymethyl cellulose in oil and gas field operations
(Cellulose, 2023-09-17) Hauwa A. Rasheed; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Olusegun Ajayi; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Asmau M. Yahya
The purpose of this review is to highlight the applications of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in oil and gas industries. CMC is one of the most promising cellulose derivatives and the most widely used in the drilling sector. Owing to its multifunctionality, facile, inexpensive, raw material abundance, availability, compatibility, distinctive surface property and many other disparate aspects, it is now widely used in many fields for a variety of applications, including the oil and gas industry, pharmaceuticals, food, textiles, wastewater treatment, and energy production/storage. Despite CMC’s wide applications in many fields, very few studies report its role in oil and gas operations such as drilling and completion, hydraulic fracturing, corrosion inhibition and cementing applications. As a result, this review points some of CMC’s relevance in the oil and gas industry now and in future.
Absorption, Diffraction and Free Space Path Losses Modeling for the Terahertz Band
(MECS, 2020-08-18) Petrus Nzerem; Oyeleke D. Oluseun; Idris Muhammad; Sadiq Thomas; Olabode Idowu-Bismark
With the explosive increase in the data traffic of wireless communication systems and the scarcity of spectrum, terahertz (THz) frequency band is predicted as a hopeful contender to shore up ultra- broadband for the forthcoming beyond fifth generation (5G) communication system. THz frequency band is a bridge between millimeter wave (mmWave) and optical frequency bands. The contribution of this paper is to carry out an in-depth study of the THz channel impairments using mathematical models to evaluate the requirements for designing indoor THz communication systems at 300GHz. Atmospheric absorption loss, diffraction loss and free space path loss were investigated and modeled. Finally, we discuss several potential application scenarios of THz and the essential technical challenges that will be encountered in the future THz communications. Finally, the article finds that propagating in the THz spectrum is strongly dependent on antenna gain.
Adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using mesoporous activated carbon adsorbent: Equilibrium, kinetics and characterisation studies
(Lancaster E-Prints, 2017-02-23) Asuquo, Edidiong D.; Martin, Alastair Douglas; Petrus Nzerem; Siperstein, Flor; Fan, Xiaolei
In this study, cadmium and lead ions removal from aqueous solutions using a commercial activated carbon adsorbent (CGAC) were investigated under batch conditions. The adsorbent was observed to have a coarse surface with crevices, high resistance to attrition, high surface area and pore volume with bimodal pore size distribution which indicates that the material was mesoporous. Sorption kinetics for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions proceeded through a two-stage kinetic profile-initial quick uptake occurring within 30 min followed by a gradual removal of the two metal ions until 180 min with optimum uptake (qe,exp) of 17.23 mg g1 and 16.84 mg g1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions respectively. Modelling of sorption kinetics indicates that the pseudo first order (PFO) model described the sorption of Pb(II) ion better than Cd(II), while the reverse was observed with respect to the pseudo second order (PSO) model. Intraparticle diffusion modelling showed that intraparticle diffusion may not be the only mechanism that influenced the rate of ions uptake. Isotherm modelling was carried out and the results indicated that the Langmuir and Freundlich models described the uptake of Pb(II) ion better than Cd(II) ion. A comparison of the two models indicated that the Langmuir isotherm is the better isotherm for the description of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions sorption by the adsorbent. The maximum loading capacity (qmax) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm was 27.3 mg g1 and 20.3 mg g1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions respectively.
Analysis of Selected Fiber-Rich Agricultural Waste as Water-Based Drilling Mud Fluid Loss Control Additives
(NJEAS, 2024-04-09) Blessing Alade; Petrus Nzerem; Ayuba Salihu; Oghenerume Ogolo; Ajiri Otedheke
For a drilling operation to be successful, the drilling fluid performance must be optimized. This research study the use of degradable agricultural waste namely cowpea skin powder (CSP), sugarcane rind powder (SRP) and yam bark powder (YP) as additives for fluid loss control. The elemental composition of these food wastes was determined using SEM. Proximate analysis was performed to investigate the content of moisture, ash, nitrogen, protein, volatile matter, fixed carbon, bulk density, specific gravity and pH. The local additives were used at 1% (5grams), 3% (10grams), 4% (15grams) and 5% (20grams) each. For CSP fluid loss increased at 5g and 10g (1% and 3%), by 14% and 9% respectively, at 15g and 10.6g, fluid loss decreased by 33% and 36% respectively. Using SRP of 5g increased fluid loss by 12% but there was decrease in fluid loss with 10g, 15g and 2g in these percentages; 14%, 33% and 37% respectively. YP resulted in fluid loss at 5g giving 1.5% loss, 12% loss with 10grams, 16% fluid loss with 15 grams and 33% filtrate loss with 20grams. Overall, SRP showed best fluid loss performance with 20grams (5%), resulting in 37% fluid loss decrease followed by Yam bark powder at 20grams with fluid loss performance of 33%. The least performance was by CSP at 5grams (3%) that increased the filtrate loss by 14%.
Application of Boosting Machine Learning for Mud Loss Prediction During Drilling Operations
(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2024-07-07) Okai M. I.; Ogolo O.; Petrus Nzerem; Ibrahim K. S.
Lost circulation during drilling operations is a persistent challenge in the oil and gas industry, leading to significant financial losses and increased non-productive time. The common use of lost circulation materials (LCMs) in drilling fluids helps mitigate mud loss only to an extent. However, predicting the extent of mud loss before drilling specific formations would greatly benefit engineers. This study aims to predict mud loss using advanced boosting machine learning frameworks, addressing the need for more accurate forecasting tools. We evaluated three ensemble boosting algorithms—Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)—and compared them to Random Forest, a baseline bagging algorithm. Utilizing a dataset of over 7,000 data points with 27 features from drilling operations in Well MXY at the Utah FORGE field, we found that XGBoost and Random Forest were the most accurate models, with R2 scores of 0.935 and 0.934, respectively. These results indicate that while XGBoost is the top-performing framework, Random Forest remains a robust and reliable method for predicting lost circulation, providing valuable insights for drilling engineers.
Application of Pressure Transient Analysis to Gas Material Balance for Multi Rate Production
(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2024-08-05) Ikechukwu Okafor; Ajibade A. A.; Jakada K.; Ternenge Joseph Chior; Abdullahi Gimba; Petrus Nzerem
A producing field's oil and gas reserves are continually estimated throughout its lifetime. As more data about the reservoir is obtained over time, the uncertainty regarding the actual amount of reserves decreases. Various methods have been employed to determine these reserves, including the Material Balance Technique. The classical method applies the conservation of mass, which has evolved over time. This study aims to further enhance the gas Material Balance Technique by incorporating equations derived from analytical pressure transient analysis with multiple rate production. By combining transient analysis solutions with the linear Material Balance method, this approach offers the advantage of determining the initial gas-in-place, permeability, and skin of a reservoir simultaneously, without relying on independent sources for prior knowledge of any of these parameters. To streamline the process and facilitate analytical deductions, this work also utilizes Python programming for automation. Ultimately, this study develops a series of steps that were applied to a case study, enabling the simultaneous determination of the reservoir's permeability, skin-factor, and initial gas.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence Based Techniques on the Analysis of Chemical Data: a Review
(International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Science (ICMEAS), 2021-07-15) Chinomso Odimba; Steve Adeshina; Petrus Nzerem
Artificial Intelligence based techniques such as Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Chemometrics have recently begun to replace chemical heuristics. They are promising tools that can be used to gain insight on the characteristics, processes and interactions of a chemical sampleand to a clearer and better understanding of chemical data. The focus of this review paper is on the recent developments on the applications of Artificial Intelligence based techniques for different chemical scenarios of computational chemistry, quantum chemistry, synthetic route design, drug delivery, analysis of spectral data and analytical chemistry.
Assessing the Impact of Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contract Ammendments on the Economics of Deep Offshore E&P Assets in Nigeria
(Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020-08-04) Oghenerume Ogolo; Omowumi Iledare; Petrus Nzerem; Ikechukwu Okafor ; Emeka Iloegbunam; Isaac P. Ekeoma
Nigeria recently amended the Deep Offshore and Inland Basins Act. The Act seeks to generate aditional annual revenue of over $1 billion for the government. The 2019 Law seems attractive to the government in the short run in terms of early rent extraction; on one hand, the seeminglly attractiveness of the fiscal terms in the Ammended Act, which is to expand output from investment in Nigeria deep offshore in the country is conjectural. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the amendments to the PSC Act on value creation and addition to stake holders using systems and economic metrics that include investment earning power and discounted government take. A designed petroleum economic modeling framework applied to the fiscal terms in the new Act show a significant decrease in value addition to contractor portfolio of assets by about 25% but increases government discounted take statistics from 63.70% to 72.64% in comparison to the fiscal and contract terms in PSC 1993. The IRR and FLI obtained using the terms in the new Act were 23.66% and 0.043, respectively.
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION INDEX OF WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUID WASTE
(NJEAS, 2023-10-01) Malut Abba; Abdullahi Gimba; Ayuba Salihu; Petrus Nzerem; Ikechukwu Okafor; Khaleel Jakada; Joseph Chior
The prevalence of heavy metal pollution in oil and gas producing areas, Niger-Delta Nigeria, due to drilling activities in some oil and gas sites has resulted in the pollution of an immeasurable area of land and water. This study appraised the level of environmental menace caused by heavy metals in water-based drilling fluid waste. It involved an oil and gas site where drilling activities were taking place and settlement with no record of drilling activities served as control. In the drilling sites, two composite drilling fluid waste samples were collected before and after treatment and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel, lead, and zinc using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The measured concentrations of the heavy metals in drilling fluid wastes were then used to determine the pollution and ecological risk posed by heavy metals. The thermal desorption treatment method was used. Their concentrations before and after treatment of the drilling fluid wastes were in the order Fe > Cr >Zn > Cd > Ni > Pb and Fe > Cr > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cd respectively with Cr, Fe, Ni, and Pb having their concentrations higher than permissible levels in water after treatment and responsible for most of the total potential ecological risk. The PLI (Pollution Load Index) before and after treatment were 0.0463 and 0.0017 respectively. There was a drastic decrease in potential pollution levels after treatment. Also, all the several pollution indices studied revealed that the drilling sites were contaminated with Cd and Cr. This reveals that drilling sites cause further risk of heavy metal pollution. The correlation analysis of heavy metals assessed is between 0.9 - 1.0 suggesting that all the heavy metals assessed showed high positive correlation coefficients at (p < 0.05) and likely originated from the same source of drilling activities in the study area.
Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane during commercial composting and analysis of associated fungal communities
(Elsevier, 2014-03-04) Petrus Nzerem
In this study the biodegradation of polyurethane (PU) during the maturation stage of a commercial composting process was investigated. PU coupons were buried in the centre and at the surface of a 10 m high compost pile. Fungal communities colonising polyester PU coupons were compared with the native compost communities using culture based and molecular techniques. Putative polyester PU degrading fungi were ubiquitous in compost and rapidly colonised the surface of polyester PU coupons with significant deterioration. As the temperature decreased, fungal diversity in the compost and on the surface of the polyester PU coupons increased and selection of fungal community on the polyester PU coupons occurs that is different from the surrounding compost.
CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT HUSK ASH AND CALCINED EGGSHELL AS POTENTIAL GLASS FORMER
(International Conference on Multidisciplinary Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2023-02-02) Serifat Olamide Adeleye; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Ayuba Salihu; Adebayo Isaac Olosho
Numerous agricultural byproducts, such as rice husk and straw, bagasse from sugar cane, palm kernel shell, wheat husk and straw, corn cobs, etc, are highly desired for the production of renewable energy and are seen as potential raw materials for high-value products. Because they can be used to extract quality silica and Calcium oxide for borosilicate glass production, this research has demonstrated that these wastes have a significant end value. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) were used to characterize the calcined waste eggshell and wheat husk ash for crystal type, compound identification, and chemical composition. The findings demonstrated that the amount of silica and calcium oxide obtained from agricultural waste could be a suitable alternative source for making glass, with calcined eggshells having a calcium oxide content of 91.7% and wheat husk ash having a silica content of 71.3%. The potential for utilizing the CaO and amorphous silica in the formation of glass is thus intriguing.
Characterization of Wheat Husk ASH and Calcined Eggshell as Potential Glass Former
(IEEE, 2023-11-01) Serifat Olamide Adeleye; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Ayuba Salihu; Adebayo Isaac Olosho
Numerous agricultural byproducts, such as rice husk and straw, bagasse from sugar cane, palm kernel shell, wheat husk and straw, corn cobs, etc, are highly desired for the production of renewable energy and are seen as potential raw materials for high-value products. Because they can be used to extract quality silica and Calcium oxide for borosilicate glass production, this research has demonstrated that these wastes have a significant end value. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) were used to characterize the calcined waste eggshell and wheat husk ash for crystal type, compound identification, and chemical composition. The findings demonstrated that the amount of silica and calcium oxide obtained from agricultural waste could be a suitable alternative source for making glass, with calcined eggshells having a calcium oxide content of 91.7% and wheat husk ash having a silica content of 71.3%. The potential for utilizing the CaO and amorphous silica in the formation of glass is thus intriguing.
Comparative studies of machine learning models for predicting higher heating values of biomass
(Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE), 2024-06-29) Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Adeyinka Adedigba; Steve Adeshina; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni; Mohammed S. Lawal; Adebayo Isaac Olosho; Halima S. Yakubu; Temitayo Samson Ogedengbe; Petrus Nzerem; Jude A. Okolie
This study addresses the challenge of efficiently determining the higher heating value (HHV) of biomass, a crucial parameter in large-scale biomass-based energy systems. The conventional method of measuring HHV using an oxygen bomb calorimeter is time-consuming, expensive, and less accessible to researchers, particularly in developing nations. To overcome these limitations, we employed four machine learning (ML) models, namely Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). These models were developed by using proximate and ultimate analysis parameters as input features. Up to 200 datasets were compiled from literature and used for the ML models. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of all ML models in accurately predicting the HHV of biomass materials. Notably, the XGBoost model exhibited superior performance with the highest R-squared (R2) values for both training (0.9683) and test datasets (0.7309), along with the lowest root mean squared error (RSME) of 0.3558. Key influential input features identified for HHV prediction include carbon (C), volatile matter (Vm), ash, and hydrogen (H). Consequently, this research provides a reliable alternative for predicting HHV without the need for costly and time-intensive experimental measurements, facilitating broader accessibility in biomass energy research.
Compositional Analysis and Characterisation of Non-edible Plant Biomass for Carboxymethyl Cellulose Production
(IEEE, 2023-11-01) Hauwa A. Rasheed; Adekunle Akanni Adeleke; Petrus Nzerem; Ayuba Salihu; Temitayo Samson Ogedengbe; Peter Pelumi Ikubanni
This study assesses the compositional analysis and characterization of eight non-edible plant biomass identified as a potential feedstock to produce carboxymethyl cellulose. The materials' contents were ascertained by gravimetric analysis, and they were further characterized using Fourier transforms Infrared spectroscopy. According to the research, cellulose was present in substantial amounts ranging from 33 % to 41 %, with sugarcane bagasse having the highest concentration. The percentage of hemicellulose ranged from 18 % to 28 %, with corn cob having the highest percentage. Also discovered was that lignin content varied between 9 % and 22 %, with mahogany having the highest amount amongst the samples. The FTIR spectroscopic analysis of all eight samples reveals a broad band at around 3300 cm-1, which is caused by the stretching vibration of the cellulose's O-H groups. The observed peaks at 1600 cm-1 and 1500 cm-1 correlated to the hemicellulose and lignin's respective C=O and C=C stretching vibrations. Additionally, a significant sharp peak that matched the stretching vibrations in the skeleton of the pyranose ring, C-O-C, was seen at roughly 1050 cm-1. Thus, the findings of this study indicate that all eight samples can yield a respectable amount of cellulose, suggesting that these wastes may serve as feedstocks for the creation of biopolymers like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).